What occurs in Stage 4 of the braking process?

In Stage 4 of the braking process, kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy through friction. When the driver applies the brakes, the braking components, such as the brake pads and rotors, create friction that slows down the vehicle. During this interaction, the kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion, is transformed into thermal energy, causing the brakes to heat up. This is a critical mechanical process in the operation of an automobile's braking system, as it enables the vehicle to decelerate effectively.

Understanding this stage is essential because it demonstrates the physics behind braking, highlighting the importance of proper brake maintenance to prevent overheating, which can lead to brake fade, reduced effectiveness, and potentially dangerous driving conditions.